Rocca of Populonia
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The circular half-tower, called 'Exedra', and the Keep
dominating the curtains wall. |
The keep, medieval original nucleus of the Fortress. |
Populonia can be reached from Florence through the motorway A11 'til 'Pisa Nord' then
the A12 towards Livorno, exit at 'Rosigano-Cecina' and the following the SS1 Aurelia. It
is about 18 km far from S.Vincenzo.
The fame of Populonia is not owed to its Rocca but to
the fact that was the Etruscan town of Pupluna
or Fufluna, one of the more ancient and prestigious human settlements
of the whole Tuscany. The archeological recovery of its wide necropolis
confirm that the area was inhabited at least from the Neolithic era. Pupluna
was one of the most important cities of the Etruscan civilization and
it was the only one, between the greatest settlements, to rise on the
coast. This allowed the city to be a commercial and industrial point of
reference between the centers of the hinterland and the islands of the
Tuscan archipelago, thanks to the presence of many fusion ovens for the
metals extracted in the near mines. The urban nucleus was composed of
two parts: that of the 'Acropoli', at dominion of the Baratti gulf and
that industrial, on the coast, with the naval port and the ovens.
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View of the Baratti gulf from the tower of the Fortress. |
As all the Etruscan cities, Populonia knew the decadence with
the progressive grow of the power of Rome, also suffered a serious destruction
for hand of Silla during the roman civil war against Mario. Already in
the 1st century A.C. the city was desert with the houses ruined and the
ovens abandoned. In the following centuries there was attempts to reactivate
the sea port and the industrial activities connected to it, but
the life in the city never took back big vigor, also because of the invasions
and piracy raids to which it was exposed. Populonia reborn in the Middle
Age when in the 14th century was decided to built a new castle, that still
today dominates the hill of the ancient Etruscan Acropoli.
The Fortress appears with the form of the fortifications that suffered the
greatest rehashes during the period of transition from the medieval castle to
the military bastioned fortresses of the end of the 15th century. Unlike many
other castles, completely denaturalized in the forms and in the aspect due to
the additions of this period, the element that dominates the complex it is still
the mighty tower with rectangular plan that was the primitive medieval keep.
The tower is not built with perfectly squared stones at exception of the
angles and it's provided of inclinated walls, machicoulis (opening between corbels
of the parapet through which the defenders can drop rocks or fire projectiles
against an enemy directly below them, surely added during the updating of the
fortification) and big battlements, three on the short sides four on those long,
gifted of double slope, toward the inside and toward the outside, rare form
to find in the Tuscan castles although very diffused in those of the Scaligeri
family of the northern Italy. The gate of the keep is at the level of the first
floor. Around the tower are developed the enclosure walls, built in the 15th
century with a square plant very near to be rectangular, with a watch walk alternated
by vertical loopholes toward the outside. To the four angles are present external
garrittes.
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The 'exedra' seen by the walk of watch of the surrounded building. |
During a successive phase was added at the center western front of the
walls a round half-tower, similar to an exedra, gifted of an ample bastionature
and crowned by Ghibelline battlements (at tail of swallow) each endowed with
a small loophole and machicoulis. Also this half tower is gifted of watch walk
and it also possesses a wall with loopholes on the courtyard side, to defend
from the enemies in the case of penetration of the fortification. This construction
could be considered a decisive footstep toward the development of those that
will be the round towers of the fortresses of the 16th century. In this point
the fortress walls are connected with those of the suburb. The Rocca of Populonia
had always purely military functions. The visit to the fortification is important because
it can be considered a fundamental point for the fortified architecture in the
passage from the castle to the fortress.
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