Features of migratory phenomenons in Italy and in the Marche

by Tullio Bugari, 30 th november 1998

Introductory remarks
According to the ratings of U.N., at the beginning of the 90s there were about 120 millions people living outside their homecountry all over the world; among these 30 millions were refugees. Approximately 26 millions lived in Europe, most of them in the European union.
However UN ratings differ from Eurostat data collections and from national statistical sources, that generally show lower readings.
 


Migratory phenomenons in the European contest
The migratory balance exceeds for the first time the natural one in 1989; the highest balance was notified in 1992. The whole population of the 15 Countries belonging to the European Union amounts to 375 millions people; it results the third country in the world after China and India; the natural balance is getting lower and lower.

natural balance
migratory balance
60s
24.284.900 
894.000 
70s
12.235.700 
2.361.000 
80s
6.632.600 
2.534.000 
90s
2.870.700 
6.083.000 
In 1995 the natural balance fell down to 290,000 units, while the migratory one amounted to 796,800. In Germany and in Italy the natural balance has become negative. According to Eurostat statistics, on 1st January 1994 “non national” people in Europe were about 17,235,800 (5 millions coming from E.U. and 12 millions coming from Countries outside the European Union. In the 90s the biggest increase concerns these “non national” people.
Non E.U. native citizens 
Turkey
2.655.000 
ex-Jugoslavia
1.780.000 
Morocco
1.112.000 
Algeria 
658.000 
Poland
409.000 
Usa
332.000 
Tunisia
283.600 
Romania
216.000 
Iran
211.100 
India
191.600 
ex-Urss
179.800 
Vietnam
155.000 
Lebanon
102.300 
At the same moment , always according to Eurostat, the minors are a bit less than 4 millions: 1.5 millions in Germany, 1 million in France, 300,000 in the United Kingdom, 100,000 in Spain, 100,000 in Sweden. Most of them are in the school age; since 1995 the birth of children in migrant families directly in Europe has gained a great importance. Some of these ratings results undervaluated according to other national sources, particularly in Italy where Eurostat rates only 37,000 minors and 600, 000 immigrates. 


The countries with a highest number of foreign people are Germany (6,878,100), France(3,596,900) and the United Kingdom (2,034,000). Most of migrants belonging to a country outside the E.U. come from Turkeys, Ex-Yugoslavia and from Maghreb.
The highest number of community migrants is formed by Italians (about 1,200 thousands), Portuguese ( about 480 thousands), Spanish ( about 480 thousands) and Greeks 8 about 440 thousands ). Italians mostly stay in Germany ( about 560thousands), in France ( about 250 thousands) and in Belgium ( about 220 thousands).

Migratory events from Italy to abroad
The negative difference of the Italians in the last century is about 18 millions; according to some statistics, the migrants and the descendants of Italian migrants living abroad are nowadays about 50 millions, 5 millions of them still get Italian citizenship. In the last century Italy has always originated some important migratory waves to abroad and some migratory waves inside the country, mostly from southern regions towards the northern ones or to Rome. Only starting from the 60ies Italy begins to receive migratory waves incoming; only in 1973 we have for the first time the overtaking of the foreigners incoming over the outgoing of the Italians (125 thousands incoming versus 124 thousands outgoing). But, in recent years, the difference will continue sometimes to be in favour the outgoing; for instance, despite the common sensation of the fear of the “invasion”, in 1994 the outgoing of the Italians are 59,402 ( of which 2/3 from South and Islands) versus 52344 incoming of foreigners; to the Italians outgoing we must add 6,146 outgoing of foreigners, instead to the new foreigners incoming we must add also 46,761 coming back of Italians.
Italy continue being a country of emigration and in the same time it has come also a country of immigration and a country of coming back of its own citizens.
Migratory events to Italy
The italian exodus
1861-70
1.210.000 
1871-80
1.129.000 
1881-90
1.881.000 
1891-00
2.835.000 
1901-10
6.256.000 
1911-20
3.828.000 
1921-30
2.577.000 
1931-40
1.879.000 
1941-50 1.378.000
1951-60
3.105.000 
1961-70
2.634.000 
1971-80
1.139.000 
1981-85
415.000 

Migratory events from abroad to Italy
Residence permits sorted by country of origin

Residence permits overtake for the first time 1 million in 1996; the most important group is composed by Europeans, among which the E.U. countries; in the last years, anyway citizens from East are increasing. Africa is at the second place and it is the most increasing group; a little less than 2/3 is composed by northern Africans from Maghreb.

Dividing by area of development, about 14% comes from some countries with advanced development (USA, Germany, France, etc): they were 34% in 1990. On the contrary, about 86% comes from some developing countries; their quota is increasing.
Immigration is more and more coming from third world; in recent years however we had some important waves coming from Albania and East Europe.
The resident Italian population is composed of 57.332.996 units; the residence permits released to foreign citizens are the 1,9%; half of these are released in the northern and central regions of Italy; the highest percentage on the population is in Lazio (4,2). If we don’t consider in the residence permits those coming from developed countries and about 10% of non-UE citizens just passing by, the other non-UE citizens compose about the1,3% of Italian resident people. Provinces with more than 10.000 residence permits are 26.
According to CNR calculations the year quota of incoming non-EU citizens might vary from 50 to 150.000 with relief of the coffers of the state for the contribution to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), about 3%, and it might allow to reduce the Italian population decreasing from about 57 to nearly 44 millions in 2044, because of the decreasing of the fertility rate.
However the 23rd July 1997 decree fixed the annual entrance quota in 20,000 people, reserved to rejoining of relatives and to migrant people needing a job.

 

1996
1997
Morocco
119.481 
131.406 
Albania
63.976 
83.907 
Philippines
57.071 
61.285 
Usa
54.659 
59.572 
Tunisia
44.821 
40.454 
ex-Jugoslavia
44.259 
44.370 
Germany
36.515 
40.079 
Senegal
31.870 
34.871 
Rumania
31.673 
38.138 
China
29.073 
37.838 
Poland
27.375 
31.329 
Sri Lanka
24.920 
28.162 
Great Britain
24.779 
26.771 
Egypt
23.785 
26.171 
Peru
21.737 
24.362 
Brazil
19.887 
23.008 
India
19.417 
22.620 
Croatia
18.865 
20.464 
Switzerland
17.923 
18.611 
The early 20 
717.785 
830.066 
TOTAL
1.095622 
1.240.721

total 
subordinate job
660.045 
60,2% 
self employement
32.853 
3,0% 
family reasons, adoption,fosterage
204.375 
18,7% 
other reasons
9.720 
0,9% 
aylum
3.902 
0,4% 
no worling fitting in (religious reasons, study)
143.651 
13,2% 
no fitting in presences (judicial reasons, medical grounds, tourism
36.014 
3,3% 
unsepcified
5.062 
0,3% 
TOTAL
1.095.562 
among theese: outside EU
943.530 
among:women outside EU
399.862 
among: women total
489.634 
Reasons of the stay

Subordinate job results at the first place, especially among the citizens coming from outside the European Union 

Sharing out according to sex

Among the people not belonging to the E.U. 57.6% are male. But the percentage of men and women differ according to the original country and to the Italian region.
43% of women comes from European countries (Germany, Poland, Rumania, Albania, France); at the second place there is South America (the biggest community comes from Peru); Asia is at the third place (but the Philippine Community is definitely the biggest in Italy).

In some communities women represent about 3/4 of all the presences in Italy (Russia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ukraine, Thailand, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Dominican Republic).
Among African groups women have a low percentage with regard to North Africa (less than 20%) and higher in Black Africa communities.
Feminine migrations differ from male ones. The reasons too don’t depend so much on work but on family causes; only 35% has got a job, while 50% of men works.


Civil Status

Among the people owning a stay permission, 50.9% are unmarried (557,479), 34.5% are married without children (378.056) and 9.4% have got children (103,456); the rest results in another situation. In all there are about 120,000 foreign people with children. The foreign minors are 120,000.
 
 


Minors
There isn’t any acceptable statistic source; according to the law, an underage has no right to have a personal stay permission, except rejoining reasons (31/12/95). Police headquarters usually issue permissions to people who are over fourteen years old, even it is not for work reasons.
Minors are actually 120,000 but this number is going to raise quickly, because of family rejoinings.
On 31st December 1996 there were 13,665 authorised rejoinings. Among these 43% concerned North African people, 13% Albanian people, 8% African families, 13% Indian subcontinent.
 


Scholastic fitting in

Foreign people attending school in 1994/1995
The total amount of minors in the Italian school resulted, in 1994/1995, 45,516 units. Among these 19% in the nursery school and 44.4% in the primary. The number is increasing quickly in the last few years, in all kinds of schools. The scholastic attendance shows an increasing rooting of migrant people in our society.

With regards to University there are lots of foreigners coming directly for their studies

The main origin countries are Ex-Yugoslavia, Morocco, Albania, China. With regards to nursery schools there are also Ex Czechoslovakia and Egypt. In all there are more than 30 origin countries, with different concentrations and distribution of men and women according to Italian regions. 

 

ITALY
a.s. 95/95 
% su totale 
var. su 92/93 
Nursery
8.865 
0,55 
+39,8 
Primary
20.199 
0,72 
+34,5 
Secondary
9.089 
0,47 
+43,8 
High
7.563 
0,50 
+42,1 
TOTAL
45.516 
0,50 
+38,5 
MARCHE
a.s. 95/95 
% su totale 
var. su 92/93 
Nursery
298 
3,44 
+65,6 
Primary
613 
3,0 
+20,4 
Secondary
239 
2,6 
+40,6 
High
136 
15,4 
+80,0 
TOTAL
1.286 
Sources: Ministry of Education; Istat

MARCHE

Stay permissions in our region correspond to 1.7% of the resident population, a number in line with national medium quotas. Even the distribution of the communities reflects the national average. At the first place there are European Countries (Albania, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Poland, Rumania). These communities have grown in the last few years, surpassing the North African ones (Morocco, Tunisia). In all there are more than 30 different communities..
 
 



 
 

L'inserimento scolastico

According to a recent research promoted by the region Marche Institution and realised by ANFE (national association migrant families) in November 1995 there were 15,509 migrant people. Among these there were 1,057 students, 405 in Ancona province.
In the same year, according to the same source, in Italy foreign students were 2,9% of migrant people; in the Marche they represented 6.8% and in the province Ancona 10.1%.
Our region has a lowest migratory charge as regards as Italy, but a highest scholastic charge.

Among the biggest communities in our region there was Ex Yugoslavia (154) because of the war. There was Morocco (149), Argentina (185), Albania (54), Brazil (35), Peru(29), Dominican Republic (24), Poland (24), Rumania (19), Tunisia (19), Chile (16).

There are many other communities with less than 10 students.
According to these statistics, in 1992/1993, Jesi and Falconara, involved in this Comenius, had 31 and 30 foreign students.

Stay permission Marche al 31/12/97
Albania
3.358 
Morocco
3.087 
Macedonia
1.493 
Tunisia
1.183 
Rumania
984 
Jugoslavia
796 
Poland
712 
Senegal
690 
Germany
685 
Bosnia
619 
Croatia
545 
Great Britain
446 
China
425 
Brazil
415 
Argentina
389 
Greece
388 
Philippines
378 
CSI
352 
Nigeria
351 
France
347 
Rep. Dominicana
328 
Peru
324 
Usa
290 
Iran
251 
India
247 
San Marino
244 
Spain
231 
Pakistan
229 
Bulgaria
221 
Israel
202 
Other countries
4.004 
Total UE
2.587 
Tot. Altri paesi
21.627 
TOTALE
24.124
Language

According to Anfe statistics, 28% of 1,057 migrant people came from Spanish speaking countries ( 15 different countries in Middle and South America); 18% from Arabian speaking countries (Egypt, Morocco, Syria, Kuwait, Tunisia, Qatar, Arabia ,Jordan); 15% from Slavonic speaking countries and 6% from English-speaking countries (U.S.A., England, Canada, Australia, Tanzania, Uganda, Niger, Cameroon, Zambia, Philippines, Singapore), 5% from Albania. 
There are smaller percentages of French and Portuguese speaking communities (Senegal, Congo, Ciad, Guinea ).
In all there were 28 speaking bonds, that can augment if we consider the differences inherent any language ( Wolof, Berber, Arabian Dialects, etc. ).
“The speaking problem, specially when it concerns a language far from the Italian culture, puts teachers in crisis”.
Only 53% of the interviewed teachers regard the difficulties in relating with students’ home language as surmountable and 4% of them consider it insuperable.
On the other hand only 34% of the students knows the homelanguage very well; 33% know it sufficiently. Only 16% knows Italian at a satisfactory level; 49% declares a sufficient knowledge; 35% knows it only a bit or doesn’t know Italian at all.
These percentages don’t correspond to any scientific test, but to an empirical observation during dialogues and conversations.
 

Bilingualism
Only 15% of the interviewees affirms that he knows Italian as well as his origin language.48% answers: sufficient.
 

Parents’ job
The major part of parents is composed by workers (34.7% of men and 11.5% of women); there are also dealers (5.1% of men) and clerks (3.8% of men and 2.6% of women).51.1% of women is a housewife; 3.8% is a teacher and 3.3% is a domestic help. 
The rest of migrant people do other jobs.

Difficulties in the scholastic fitting in 
Only 15.4% of teachers know national and regional laws concerning immigration and only15.5% of them applied to the law in order to obtain support from the proper institutions; only 27% received a concrete support from different institutions: at the first place the town council, then region, Usl, provincial education superintendency, associations).

The quality of the school-family relationship resulted good and constant only in the 12,1% of the cases, frequent in the 35,7%, scarce or absent in the 48,4%.

The main school adaptation difficulty notified by the teachers results to be the linguistic communication (48,6%), the learning of general contents and the studying modality (23,6%), the mathematical and scientific notions (16,5%), the relationship with the contemporary adults (12,0%). Only the 6% of the foreign students point out traditions, habits, beliefs and religions. The main difference between male and female foreigners deals with the school discipline and the behaviour (12% of the male ones; only 3% of the female ones).

The linguistic difficulties mainly concern the written Italian, the teacher’s comprehension of mother tongue or the pupil’s Italian language comprehension, oral expression .
Study modality concern insufficient and unsteady engagement, lack of pupils of the same mother tongue to practise the same language, adapting to a new different school, insufficient school assistance, difficulty in concentrate himself, different teaching methods, lack of family control, slow school work.
In the school behaviour we find the inadequacy of the Italian school in terms of programs, homework and time-tables, lack of regular attending, a different previous educational idea.
Adapting difficulty towards social external environment.
Only 12,3 %clearly claims extra-school difficulties; among the most recurrent reasons, we can find some pupils shame, lack of contact with same age people, family segregation towards the quarter or the town, insufficient knowledge of Italian language, lack of friendships, housing or financial problems, family unfitting effects, no sense of confidence in the others, to feel stranger towards local events, racial prejudices’ effects, lack of father image, too much parents protection, too big reactions in the contrasts with people of the same age or with the adults, moral, cultural, religious conditioning, lack of playing activities.
 

Interventions considered necessary by teachers for school insertion

42% of the teachers consider of first importance an individual aid in Italian language, 19,6% consider of first importance interventions of many subjects aids and 8,6 % the pupil’s mother tongue aid. Other purposes are: psyco-pedagogic aid, specialised teaching interventions, 26,7% don’t consider necessary any kind of aid.
Among interventions for teachers help, on the contrary, 23,2% suggest intercultural courses, 10,2% interlanguages courses and 4,3 % foreign language courses. 31,5% anyway doesn’t answer and 33,2% doesn’t consider necessary any interventions.

Provincia di Ancona-Foreign people attending school in 1997/1998

sources: Provveditorato agli Studi di Ancona
paese
Elementari 
Medie 
Macedonia
78 
21 
20,50 
Albania
67 
19 
17,81 
Morocco
35 
19 
11,18 
Bosnia
20 
5,18 
Tunisia
17 
4,76 
China
12 
3,73 
Jugoslavia
12 
3,31 
Nigeria
12 
2,69 
Romania
12 
2,69 
Rep. Dominicana
2,28 
Argentina
1,86 
Croatia
1,66 
Iran
1,45 
Zaire
1,45 
Brazil
1,24 
Philippines
1,24 
Colombia
1,04 
Gran Bretagna
1,04 
Russia
1,04 
Germany
0,83 
Mexico
0,83 
Montenegro
0,83 
Bangladesh
0,62 
Bulgaria
0,62 
France
0,62 
Peru
0,62 
Ukraine
0,62 
Hungary
0,62 
Uruguay
0,62 
Angola
0,41 
Chile
0,41 
Egypt
0,41 
Poland
0,41 
Sri Lanka
0,41 
Sweeden
0,41 
Thailandia
0,41 
Turkey
0,41 
Belgium
0,21 
Bielorussia
0,21 
Capo Verde
0,21 
Cekia
0,21 
Cuba
0,21 
Jordany
0,21 
Greece
0,21 
India
0,21 
Latvia
0,21 
Lebanon
0,21 
Libya
0,21 
Lithuania
0,21 
Madagascar
0,21 
Paraguay
0,21 
Senegal
0,21 
South Africa
0,21 
Togo
0,21 
Uganda
0,21 
TOTAL
365
118
100

 


 

Altri dati statistici disponibili sulla presenza degli stranieri nel Comune di Jesi e sugli stranieri iscritti nei registri sanitari della Asl di Jesi

Bibliografia consultata:

ANFE, La scolarizzazione degli alunni immigrati nella regione Marche, a cura di Rodolfo Pomioli, novembre 1995.
Caritas di Roma, Immigrazione, dossier statistico '97, Edizioni Anterem, ottobre 1997.
Caritas di Roma, Immigrazione, dossier statistico '98, Edizioni Anterem, ottobre 1998.
Michael Parfit, L'esodo infinito, National Geographic, Edizione Italiana, ottobre 1998.
Erla Zwingle, La scelta delle donne, National Geographic, Edizione Iotaliana, ottobre 1998.
Mohamed El Hasani, Immigrati e mercato del lavoro nelle Marche; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Giovanni Mottura, Movimenti migratori e mercato del lavoro; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Tullio Bugari, I pescatori tunisini di San Benedetto del Tronto; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Francesco Carchedi , La presenza marocchina in Italia; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Francesco Carchedi, Il processo di insediamento della colonia tunisina in Italia; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Giovanna Vicarelli, Il lavoro per il mercato e il lavoro per la famiglia, Prisma n.31, settembre 1993;
Giovanna Altieri, Donne immigrate e mercato del lavoro tra nord e sud dell?Italia, Prisma n. 31, settembre 1993;
Jean Francois, Profughi, fardello del mondo, in 'Un mondo in crisi', Medici Senza Frontiere, rivista Limes, Editrice Periodici Culturali, 1996;
Julia Groenewuld e Stephan Van Praet, Emarginati e reietti nel mondo sviluppato, in 'Un mondo in crisi', Medici Senza Frontiere, rivista Limes, Editrice Periodici Culturali, 1996.
M. Maciotti e E. Pugliese, Gli immigrati in Italia, Laterza, 1991
G. Michele Pozzolan, Emigrazione e minoranze, stranieri e scuola in Germania, Franco Angeli, 1995
Michele Caputo, Scuola laica e identità minoritarie, la via francese all'interculturalità, Editrice La Scuola, 1998
Graziella Giovannini (a cura di), Allievi in classe e stranieri a scuola, Franco Angeli, 1998



 
 

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