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Introductory
remarks
According to the ratings of U.N., at the beginning of the 90s there
were about 120 millions people living outside their homecountry all over
the world; among these 30 millions were refugees. Approximately 26 millions
lived in Europe, most of them in the European union.
However UN ratings differ from Eurostat data collections and from national
statistical sources, that generally show lower readings.
Migratory phenomenons in the
European contest
The migratory balance exceeds for the first time the natural one in
1989; the highest balance was notified in 1992. The whole population of
the 15 Countries belonging to the European Union amounts to 375 millions
people; it results the third country in the world after China and India;
the natural balance is getting lower and lower. |
|
|
|
|
|
natural balance
|
migratory balance
|
60s |
24.284.900
|
894.000
|
70s |
12.235.700
|
2.361.000
|
80s |
6.632.600
|
2.534.000
|
90s |
2.870.700
|
6.083.000
|
|
In
1995 the natural balance fell down to 290,000 units, while the migratory
one amounted to 796,800. In Germany and in Italy the natural balance has
become negative. According to Eurostat statistics, on 1st January 1994
“non national” people in Europe were about 17,235,800 (5 millions coming
from E.U. and 12 millions coming from Countries outside the European Union.
In the 90s the biggest increase concerns these “non national” people. |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turkey |
2.655.000
|
ex-Jugoslavia |
1.780.000
|
Morocco |
1.112.000
|
Algeria |
658.000
|
Poland |
409.000
|
Usa |
332.000
|
Tunisia |
283.600
|
Romania |
216.000
|
Iran |
211.100
|
India |
191.600
|
ex-Urss |
179.800
|
Vietnam |
155.000
|
Lebanon |
102.300
|
|
|
At
the same moment , always according to Eurostat, the minors are a bit less
than 4 millions: 1.5 millions in Germany, 1 million in France, 300,000
in the United Kingdom, 100,000 in Spain, 100,000 in Sweden. Most of them
are in the school age; since 1995 the birth of children in migrant families
directly in Europe has gained a great importance. Some of these ratings
results undervaluated according to other national sources, particularly
in Italy where Eurostat rates only 37,000 minors and 600, 000 immigrates.
The countries with a highest number of foreign people are Germany (6,878,100),
France(3,596,900) and the United Kingdom (2,034,000). Most of migrants
belonging to a country outside the E.U. come from Turkeys, Ex-Yugoslavia
and from Maghreb.
The highest number of community migrants is formed by Italians (about
1,200 thousands), Portuguese ( about 480 thousands), Spanish ( about 480
thousands) and Greeks 8 about 440 thousands ). Italians mostly stay in
Germany ( about 560thousands), in France ( about 250 thousands) and in
Belgium ( about 220 thousands). |
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|
Migratory
events from Italy to abroad |
|
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|
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|
|
The
negative difference of the Italians in the last century is about 18 millions;
according to some statistics, the migrants and the descendants of Italian
migrants living abroad are nowadays about 50 millions, 5 millions of them
still get Italian citizenship. In the last century Italy has always originated
some important migratory waves to abroad and some migratory waves inside
the country, mostly from southern regions towards the northern ones or
to Rome. Only starting from the 60ies Italy begins to receive migratory
waves incoming; only in 1973 we have for the first time the overtaking
of the foreigners incoming over the outgoing of the Italians (125 thousands
incoming versus 124 thousands outgoing). But, in recent years, the difference
will continue sometimes to be in favour the outgoing; for instance, despite
the common sensation of the fear of the “invasion”, in 1994 the outgoing
of the Italians are 59,402 ( of which 2/3 from South and Islands) versus
52344 incoming of foreigners; to the Italians outgoing we must add 6,146
outgoing of foreigners, instead to the new foreigners incoming we must
add also 46,761 coming back of Italians.
Italy continue being a country of emigration and in the same time it
has come also a country of immigration and a country of coming back of
its own citizens.
Migratory events to Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1861-70 |
1.210.000
|
1871-80 |
1.129.000
|
1881-90 |
1.881.000
|
1891-00 |
2.835.000
|
1901-10 |
6.256.000
|
1911-20 |
3.828.000
|
1921-30 |
2.577.000
|
1931-40 |
1.879.000
|
1941-50 |
1.378.000 |
1951-60 |
3.105.000
|
1961-70 |
2.634.000
|
1971-80 |
1.139.000
|
1981-85 |
415.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Migratory
events from abroad to Italy |
|
|
|
|
Residence permits sorted by country of origin |
|
|
|
Residence permits overtake for the first time 1 million in 1996; the
most important group is composed by Europeans, among which the E.U. countries;
in the last years, anyway citizens from East are increasing. Africa is
at the second place and it is the most increasing group; a little less
than 2/3 is composed by northern Africans from Maghreb.
Dividing by area of development, about 14% comes from some countries
with advanced development (USA, Germany, France, etc): they were 34% in
1990. On the contrary, about 86% comes from some developing countries;
their quota is increasing.
Immigration is more and more coming from third world; in recent years
however we had some important waves coming from Albania and East Europe.
The resident Italian population is composed of 57.332.996 units; the
residence permits released to foreign citizens are the 1,9%; half of these
are released in the northern and central regions of Italy; the highest
percentage on the population is in Lazio (4,2). If we don’t consider in
the residence permits those coming from developed countries and about 10%
of non-UE citizens just passing by, the other non-UE citizens compose about
the1,3% of Italian resident people. Provinces with more than 10.000 residence
permits are 26.
According to CNR calculations the year quota of incoming non-EU citizens
might vary from 50 to 150.000 with relief of the coffers of the state for
the contribution to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), about 3%, and it
might allow to reduce the Italian population decreasing from about 57 to
nearly 44 millions in 2044, because of the decreasing of the fertility
rate.
However the 23rd July 1997 decree fixed the annual entrance quota in
20,000 people, reserved to rejoining of relatives and to migrant people
needing a job.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1996
|
1997
|
Morocco |
119.481
|
131.406
|
Albania |
63.976
|
83.907
|
Philippines |
57.071
|
61.285
|
Usa |
54.659
|
59.572
|
Tunisia |
44.821
|
40.454
|
ex-Jugoslavia |
44.259
|
44.370
|
Germany |
36.515
|
40.079
|
Senegal |
31.870
|
34.871
|
Rumania |
31.673
|
38.138
|
China |
29.073
|
37.838
|
Poland |
27.375
|
31.329
|
Sri Lanka |
24.920
|
28.162
|
Great Britain |
24.779
|
26.771
|
Egypt |
23.785
|
26.171
|
Peru |
21.737
|
24.362
|
Brazil |
19.887
|
23.008
|
India |
19.417
|
22.620
|
Croatia |
18.865
|
20.464
|
Switzerland |
17.923
|
18.611
|
The early 20 |
717.785
|
830.066
|
TOTAL |
1.095622
|
1.240.721 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
total
|
%
|
subordinate job |
660.045
|
60,2%
|
self employement |
32.853
|
3,0%
|
family reasons, adoption,fosterage |
204.375
|
18,7%
|
other reasons |
9.720
|
0,9%
|
aylum |
3.902
|
0,4%
|
no worling fitting in (religious reasons, study) |
143.651
|
13,2%
|
no fitting in presences (judicial reasons, medical grounds, tourism |
36.014
|
3,3%
|
unsepcified |
5.062
|
0,3%
|
TOTAL |
1.095.562
|
|
among theese: outside EU |
943.530
|
|
among:women outside EU |
399.862
|
|
among: women total |
489.634
|
|
|
|
Reasons
of the stay
Subordinate job results at the first place, especially among the citizens
coming from outside the European Union
Sharing out according to sex
Among the people not belonging to the E.U. 57.6% are male. But the percentage
of men and women differ according to the original country and to the Italian
region.
43% of women comes from European countries (Germany, Poland, Rumania,
Albania, France); at the second place there is South America (the biggest
community comes from Peru); Asia is at the third place (but the Philippine
Community is definitely the biggest in Italy). |
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|
|
In
some communities women represent about 3/4 of all the presences in Italy
(Russia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ukraine, Thailand, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Dominican Republic).
Among African groups women have a low percentage with regard to North
Africa (less than 20%) and higher in Black Africa communities.
Feminine migrations differ from male ones. The reasons too don’t depend
so much on work but on family causes; only 35% has got a job, while 50%
of men works.
Civil Status
Among the people owning a stay permission, 50.9%
are unmarried (557,479), 34.5% are married without children (378.056) and
9.4% have got children (103,456); the rest results in another situation.
In all there are about 120,000 foreign people with children. The foreign
minors are 120,000.
Minors
There isn’t any acceptable statistic source; according to the law,
an underage has no right to have a personal stay permission, except rejoining
reasons (31/12/95). Police headquarters usually issue permissions to people
who are over fourteen years old, even it is not for work reasons.
Minors are actually 120,000 but this number is going to raise quickly,
because of family rejoinings.
On 31st December 1996 there were 13,665 authorised rejoinings. Among
these 43% concerned North African people, 13% Albanian people, 8% African
families, 13% Indian subcontinent.
Scholastic fitting in |
|
|
|
Foreign people attending
school in 1994/1995
|
|
|
|
|
The
total amount of minors in the Italian school resulted, in 1994/1995, 45,516
units. Among these 19% in the nursery school and 44.4% in the primary.
The number is increasing quickly in the last few years, in all kinds of
schools. The scholastic attendance shows an increasing rooting of migrant
people in our society.
With regards to University there are lots of foreigners coming directly
for their studies
The main origin countries are Ex-Yugoslavia, Morocco, Albania, China.
With regards to nursery schools there are also Ex Czechoslovakia and Egypt.
In all there are more than 30 origin countries, with different concentrations
and distribution of men and women according to Italian regions.
|
|
|
ITALY |
a.s. 95/95
|
% su totale
|
var. su 92/93
|
Nursery |
8.865
|
0,55
|
+39,8
|
Primary |
20.199
|
0,72
|
+34,5
|
Secondary |
9.089
|
0,47
|
+43,8
|
High |
7.563
|
0,50
|
+42,1
|
TOTAL |
45.516
|
0,50
|
+38,5
|
|
|
|
|
|
MARCHE |
a.s. 95/95
|
% su totale
|
var. su 92/93
|
Nursery |
298
|
3,44
|
+65,6
|
Primary |
613
|
3,0
|
+20,4
|
Secondary |
239
|
2,6
|
+40,6
|
High |
136
|
15,4
|
+80,0
|
TOTAL |
1.286
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sources:
Ministry of Education; Istat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MARCHE
Stay permissions in our region correspond to 1.7% of the resident population,
a number in line with national medium quotas. Even the distribution of
the communities reflects the national average. At the first place there
are European Countries (Albania, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Poland,
Rumania). These communities have grown in the last few years, surpassing
the North African ones (Morocco, Tunisia). In all there are more than 30
different communities..
L'inserimento scolastico
According to a recent research promoted by the region Marche Institution
and realised by ANFE (national association migrant families) in November
1995 there were 15,509 migrant people. Among these there were 1,057 students,
405 in Ancona province.
In the same year, according to the same source, in Italy foreign students
were 2,9% of migrant people; in the Marche they represented 6.8% and in
the province Ancona 10.1%.
Our region has a lowest migratory charge as regards as Italy, but a
highest scholastic charge.
Among the biggest communities in our region there was Ex Yugoslavia
(154) because of the war. There was Morocco (149), Argentina (185), Albania
(54), Brazil (35), Peru(29), Dominican Republic (24), Poland (24), Rumania
(19), Tunisia (19), Chile (16).
There are many other communities with less than 10 students.
According to these statistics, in 1992/1993, Jesi and Falconara, involved
in this Comenius, had 31 and 30 foreign students. |
|
|
|
Stay permission Marche al 31/12/97
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Albania |
3.358
|
Morocco |
3.087
|
Macedonia |
1.493
|
Tunisia |
1.183
|
Rumania |
984
|
Jugoslavia |
796
|
Poland |
712
|
Senegal |
690
|
Germany |
685
|
Bosnia |
619
|
Croatia |
545
|
Great Britain |
446
|
China |
425
|
Brazil |
415
|
Argentina |
389
|
Greece |
388
|
Philippines |
378
|
CSI |
352
|
Nigeria |
351
|
France |
347
|
Rep. Dominicana |
328
|
Peru |
324
|
Usa |
290
|
Iran |
251
|
India |
247
|
San Marino |
244
|
Spain |
231
|
Pakistan |
229
|
Bulgaria |
221
|
Israel |
202
|
Other countries |
4.004
|
Total UE |
2.587
|
Tot. Altri paesi |
21.627
|
TOTALE |
24.124
|
|
|
|
Language
According to Anfe statistics, 28% of 1,057 migrant people came from
Spanish speaking countries ( 15 different countries in Middle and South
America); 18% from Arabian speaking countries (Egypt, Morocco, Syria, Kuwait,
Tunisia, Qatar, Arabia ,Jordan); 15% from Slavonic speaking countries and
6% from English-speaking countries (U.S.A., England, Canada, Australia,
Tanzania, Uganda, Niger, Cameroon, Zambia, Philippines, Singapore), 5%
from Albania.
There are smaller percentages of French and Portuguese speaking communities
(Senegal, Congo, Ciad, Guinea ).
In all there were 28 speaking bonds, that can augment if we consider
the differences inherent any language ( Wolof, Berber, Arabian Dialects,
etc. ).
“The speaking problem, specially when it concerns a language far from
the Italian culture, puts teachers in crisis”.
Only 53% of the interviewed teachers regard the difficulties in relating
with students’ home language as surmountable and 4% of them consider it
insuperable.
On the other hand only 34% of the students knows the homelanguage very
well; 33% know it sufficiently. Only 16% knows Italian at a satisfactory
level; 49% declares a sufficient knowledge; 35% knows it only a bit or
doesn’t know Italian at all.
These percentages don’t correspond to any scientific test, but to an
empirical observation during dialogues and conversations.
Bilingualism
Only 15% of the interviewees affirms that he knows Italian as well
as his origin language.48% answers: sufficient.
Parents’ job
The major part of parents is composed by workers
(34.7% of men and 11.5% of women); there are also dealers (5.1% of men)
and clerks (3.8% of men and 2.6% of women).51.1% of women is a housewife;
3.8% is a teacher and 3.3% is a domestic help.
The rest of migrant people do other jobs.
Difficulties in the scholastic
fitting in
Only 15.4% of teachers know national and regional laws concerning immigration
and only15.5% of them applied to the law in order to obtain support from
the proper institutions; only 27% received a concrete support from different
institutions: at the first place the town council, then region, Usl, provincial
education superintendency, associations).
The quality of the school-family relationship resulted good and constant
only in the 12,1% of the cases, frequent in the 35,7%, scarce or absent
in the 48,4%.
The main school adaptation difficulty notified by the teachers results
to be the linguistic communication (48,6%), the learning of general contents
and the studying modality (23,6%), the mathematical and scientific notions
(16,5%), the relationship with the contemporary adults (12,0%). Only the
6% of the foreign students point out traditions, habits, beliefs and religions.
The main difference between male and female foreigners deals with the school
discipline and the behaviour (12% of the male ones; only 3% of the female
ones).
The linguistic difficulties mainly concern the written Italian, the
teacher’s comprehension of mother tongue or the pupil’s Italian language
comprehension, oral expression .
Study modality concern insufficient and unsteady engagement, lack of
pupils of the same mother tongue to practise the same language, adapting
to a new different school, insufficient school assistance, difficulty in
concentrate himself, different teaching methods, lack of family control,
slow school work.
In the school behaviour we find the inadequacy of the Italian school
in terms of programs, homework and time-tables, lack of regular attending,
a different previous educational idea.
Adapting difficulty towards social external environment.
Only 12,3 %clearly claims extra-school difficulties; among the most
recurrent reasons, we can find some pupils shame, lack of contact with
same age people, family segregation towards the quarter or the town, insufficient
knowledge of Italian language, lack of friendships, housing or financial
problems, family unfitting effects, no sense of confidence in the others,
to feel stranger towards local events, racial prejudices’ effects, lack
of father image, too much parents protection, too big reactions in the
contrasts with people of the same age or with the adults, moral, cultural,
religious conditioning, lack of playing activities.
Interventions considered necessary
by teachers for school insertion
42% of the teachers consider of first importance an individual aid in
Italian language, 19,6% consider of first importance interventions of many
subjects aids and 8,6 % the pupil’s mother tongue aid. Other purposes are:
psyco-pedagogic aid, specialised teaching interventions, 26,7% don’t consider
necessary any kind of aid.
Among interventions for teachers help, on the contrary, 23,2% suggest
intercultural courses, 10,2% interlanguages courses and 4,3 % foreign language
courses. 31,5% anyway doesn’t answer and 33,2% doesn’t consider necessary
any interventions. |
|
|
|
Provincia
di Ancona-Foreign people attending school in 1997/1998
sources: Provveditorato agli Studi di Ancona
paese
|
Elementari
|
Medie
|
%
|
Macedonia |
78
|
21
|
20,50
|
Albania |
67
|
19
|
17,81
|
Morocco |
35
|
19
|
11,18
|
Bosnia |
20
|
5
|
5,18
|
Tunisia |
17
|
6
|
4,76
|
China |
12
|
6
|
3,73
|
Jugoslavia |
12
|
4
|
3,31
|
Nigeria |
12
|
1
|
2,69
|
Romania |
12
|
1
|
2,69
|
Rep. Dominicana |
8
|
3
|
2,28
|
Argentina |
6
|
3
|
1,86
|
Croatia |
5
|
3
|
1,66
|
Iran |
7
|
0
|
1,45
|
Zaire |
5
|
2
|
1,45
|
Brazil |
5
|
1
|
1,24
|
Philippines |
4
|
2
|
1,24
|
Colombia |
4
|
1
|
1,04
|
Gran Bretagna |
5
|
0
|
1,04
|
Russia |
5
|
0
|
1,04
|
Germany |
4
|
0
|
0,83
|
Mexico |
3
|
1
|
0,83
|
Montenegro |
4
|
0
|
0,83
|
Bangladesh |
2
|
1
|
0,62
|
Bulgaria |
1
|
2
|
0,62
|
France |
2
|
1
|
0,62
|
Peru |
1
|
2
|
0,62
|
Ukraine |
3
|
0
|
0,62
|
Hungary |
2
|
1
|
0,62
|
Uruguay |
3
|
0
|
0,62
|
Angola |
1
|
1
|
0,41
|
Chile |
1
|
1
|
0,41
|
Egypt |
0
|
2
|
0,41
|
Poland |
1
|
1
|
0,41
|
Sri Lanka |
2
|
0
|
0,41
|
Sweeden |
0
|
2
|
0,41
|
Thailandia |
1
|
1
|
0,41
|
Turkey |
2
|
0
|
0,41
|
Belgium |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Bielorussia |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Capo Verde |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Cekia |
0
|
1
|
0,21
|
Cuba |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Jordany |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Greece |
0
|
1
|
0,21
|
India |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Latvia |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Lebanon |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Libya |
0
|
1
|
0,21
|
Lithuania |
0
|
1
|
0,21
|
Madagascar |
0
|
1
|
0,21
|
Paraguay |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Senegal |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
South Africa |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Togo |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
Uganda |
1
|
0
|
0,21
|
TOTAL |
365
|
118
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Altri dati statistici disponibili sulla presenza
degli stranieri nel Comune di Jesi e sugli stranieri iscritti nei registri
sanitari della Asl di Jesi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bibliografia
consultata:
ANFE, La scolarizzazione degli alunni immigrati nella regione Marche,
a cura di Rodolfo Pomioli, novembre 1995.
Caritas di Roma, Immigrazione, dossier statistico '97, Edizioni Anterem,
ottobre 1997.
Caritas
di Roma, Immigrazione,
dossier statistico '98, Edizioni Anterem, ottobre 1998.
Michael Parfit, L'esodo infinito, National Geographic, Edizione Italiana,
ottobre 1998.
Erla Zwingle, La scelta delle donne, National Geographic, Edizione
Iotaliana, ottobre 1998.
Mohamed El Hasani, Immigrati e mercato del lavoro nelle Marche; Prisma,
n. 36, dicembre 1994
Giovanni Mottura, Movimenti migratori e mercato del lavoro; Prisma,
n. 36, dicembre 1994
Tullio Bugari, I pescatori tunisini di San Benedetto del Tronto; Prisma,
n. 36, dicembre 1994
Francesco Carchedi , La presenza marocchina in Italia; Prisma, n. 36,
dicembre 1994
Francesco Carchedi, Il processo di insediamento della colonia tunisina
in Italia; Prisma, n. 36, dicembre 1994
Giovanna Vicarelli, Il lavoro per il mercato e il lavoro per la famiglia,
Prisma n.31, settembre 1993;
Giovanna Altieri, Donne immigrate e mercato del lavoro tra nord e sud
dell?Italia, Prisma n. 31, settembre 1993;
Jean Francois, Profughi, fardello del mondo, in 'Un mondo in crisi',
Medici Senza Frontiere, rivista Limes, Editrice Periodici Culturali, 1996;
Julia Groenewuld e Stephan Van Praet, Emarginati e reietti nel mondo
sviluppato, in 'Un mondo in crisi', Medici Senza Frontiere, rivista Limes,
Editrice Periodici Culturali, 1996.
M. Maciotti e E. Pugliese, Gli immigrati in Italia, Laterza, 1991
G. Michele Pozzolan, Emigrazione e minoranze, stranieri e scuola in
Germania, Franco Angeli, 1995
Michele Caputo, Scuola laica e identità minoritarie, la via
francese all'interculturalità, Editrice La Scuola, 1998
Graziella Giovannini (a cura di), Allievi in classe e stranieri a scuola,
Franco Angeli, 1998
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